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Metabolic pathways

Every FMK pathway as a clickable map. Pick one pathway to hammer it — next step, enzyme, regulator, cofactor, and the facts that get tested (NADPH and who needs it, rate-limiting steps, deficiencies) — or set it to all pathways for a mixed drill. Every answer says which enzyme and which pathway.

Pathway

Ethanol metabolism · Hepatocyte cytosol (ADH), mitochondria (ALDH2), smooth ER (MEOS/CYP2E1), peroxisome (catalase). Enzymes sit beside the arrows; a ★ marks the rate-limiting step. The map scrolls inside its panel.

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Ethanol metabolism

Acetate

Made from Acetaldehyde by Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2, mitochondrial)

Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2, mitochondrial) — Ethanol metabolism

Cofactors: NAD⁺ → NADH

Inhibited by: Disulfiram; Metronidazole

Deficiency: ALDH2 polymorphism / disulfiram — acetaldehyde accumulation: flushing, headache, nausea, hypotension after drinking

ALDH2*2 (rs671, ~40% of East Asians) → acetaldehyde accumulates → flushing, nausea, tachycardia (same as disulfiram); ↑ esophageal cancer risk.

Condition cards:ALDH2 deficiency ('Asian flush', rs671) →Disulfiram (Antabuse) - acetaldehyde reaction →

Becomes Acetyl-CoA via Acetyl-CoA synthetase (peripheral tissues)

Acetyl-CoA synthetase (peripheral tissues) — Ethanol metabolism

Cofactors: ATP