Learn / FMK
Every FMK condition
299 diseases, deficiencies, toxicities and drug mechanisms harvested from every FMK deck — the ones sprinkled through a single bullet as much as the ones with their own slide. Pick what you're given and what you have to name, or let it cycle; distractors come from the same category so you have to discriminate (hypoketotic vs. ketotic hypoglycemia, which GSD, which urea-cycle enzyme…). Every answer shows the whole card with the lecture and slide.
Lipid · FMK 05.6
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) Acquired / not inherited
Defect / target: Absolute insulin deficiency (uncontrolled Type 1 diabetes) with unopposed glucagon
Mechanism: Without insulin, HSL-driven lipolysis floods the liver with NEFA, β-oxidation generates acetyl-CoA beyond TCA capacity (OAA diverted to gluconeogenesis), so ketone bodies are produced, exceeding buffering capacity and causing anion-gap acidosis with Kussmaul respirations.
↑ Accumulates: glucose, β-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, acetone, NEFA (~2 mEq/L), triglycerides, K⁺ (serum)· ↓ Deficient: insulin, HCO₃⁻, total body K⁺/Na⁺
Presentation: 14-year-old with polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss, nausea/vomiting, abdominal pain, confusion, deep rapid (Kussmaul) breathing, fruity breath (acetone), tachycardia, hypotension
Labs: glucose 489, HCO₃ 12, anion gap 24, pH 7.22, pCO₂ 20, β-OHB 8.3, Na 128, K 5.8, TG 519, urine glucose 4+ and ketones 4+
Treatment: insulin, IV fluids, potassium
What single hormonal derangement explains every value? Insulin deficiency
Learn the mechanism: Ketogenesis & ketone body use →Reasoning case →
FMK 05.6 Fatty Acid Metabolism II · slide 2, 3, 5, 6; FMK 05.4 slide 7; FMK 04.4 slide 25