Learn / Metabolism
Metabolic pathways
Every FMK pathway as a clickable map. Pick one pathway to hammer it — next step, enzyme, regulator, cofactor, and the facts that get tested (NADPH and who needs it, rate-limiting steps, deficiencies) — or set it to all pathways for a mixed drill. Every answer says which enzyme and which pathway.
Galactose metabolism (Leloir pathway)
Galactose-1-phosphate
Made from Galactose by Galactokinase
Galactokinase — Galactose metabolism (Leloir pathway)
Cofactors: ATP → ADP
Deficiency: Galactokinase deficiency — galactose & galactitol accumulate: infantile 'oil-droplet' cataracts, no liver or brain disease; reversible with early diet
Condition cards:Galactokinase deficiency →
Becomes UDP-galactose via Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) ★
Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) ★ rate-limiting — Galactose metabolism (Leloir pathway)
Deficiency: Classic galactosemia — Gal-1-P is toxic to liver, brain, kidney and lens: vomiting, jaundice, hepatomegaly, failure to thrive days after milk starts; E. coli sepsis; cataracts; intellectual disability. Remove ALL galactose/lactose
Gal-1-P + UDP-glucose → UDP-galactose + glucose-1-P. The critical step.
Condition cards:Galactosemia (GALT deficiency) →
Becomes Glucose-1-phosphate via GALT (releases glucose-1-P)
GALT (releases glucose-1-P) — Galactose metabolism (Leloir pathway)