Learn / FMK
Every FMK condition
299 diseases, deficiencies, toxicities and drug mechanisms harvested from every FMK deck — the ones sprinkled through a single bullet as much as the ones with their own slide. Pick what you're given and what you have to name, or let it cycle; distractors come from the same category so you have to discriminate (hypoketotic vs. ketotic hypoglycemia, which GSD, which urea-cycle enzyme…). Every answer shows the whole card with the lecture and slide.
Mitochondrial · FMK 02.4
Lactic acidosis (Type A and Type B) Acquired / not inherited
Defect / target: OXPHOS failure (hypoxia or ETC/mitochondrial dysfunction)
Mechanism: When the ETC is blocked or O₂ is absent, NAD⁺ is not regenerated, NADH/NAD⁺ rises and LDH reduces pyruvate to lactate, producing an anion-gap metabolic acidosis.
↑ Accumulates: lactate, NADH· ↓ Deficient: ATP, NAD⁺
Presentation: Type A (hypoxic): hemorrhagic shock, cardiac arrest, severe anemia, CO poisoning, PE, MI; Type B (metabolic): cyanide/ETC poisons, mitochondrial disease (MELAS), thiamine deficiency, metformin (renal failure), liver failure, sepsis
Labs: serum lactate >2 mEq/L (normal <1), anion gap >12, ↓ pH
Treatment: treat underlying cause; lactate tracks severity and recovery (O₂ debt)
Learn the mechanism: Electron transport & OXPHOS →
FMK 02.4 Mitochondrial Metabolism and Energy Disorders · slide 13, 17; FMK 02.1 slide 15, 21